The Origin of Cultures
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION |
1 |
|
|
1 WHAT IS CULTURE? |
9 |
2 THE HUMAN NEED FOR INTERPRETATION |
13 |
3 THE LEFT-BRAIN INTERPRETER |
24 |
4 STRUCTURE OF THE MIND: |
30 |
5 WHAT ARE THOUGHTS? |
53 |
|
54 |
|
65 |
6 WHAT ARE FEELINGS? |
74 |
|
74 |
|
90 |
|
100 |
|
115 |
7 WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? |
121 |
8 THE ILLUSION OF EPIPHENOMENALISM |
157 |
9 REASONING |
163 |
|
169 |
|
172 |
10 FROM CONCEPTS TO BELIEFS |
234 |
|
239 |
|
272 |
|
284 |
11 BELIEF SYSTEMS |
300 |
|
300 |
|
319 |
|
337 |
12 CONSCIOUS VERSUS UNCONSCIOUS BELIEFS |
352 |
|
353 |
|
384 |
|
405 |
13 GOALS AND DESIRES |
410 |
|
410 |
|
417 |
|
422 |
14 PROBLEM SOLVING |
425 |
|
425 |
|
428 |
|
439 |
|
445 |
15 REPRESENTATION |
456 |
|
456 |
|
460 |
|
462 |
|
471 |
16 EMPATHY AND SYMPATHY |
492 |
|
499 |
|
509 |
17 THE ORIGIN OF CULTURAL BELIEFS |
521 |
18 ALTRUISM |
533 |
|
|
19 INDIVIDUALS AS GENOTYPES AND IDEOTYPES |
563 |
20 UNIVERSAL DARWINISM |
568 |
21 WHAT IS A CONCEPT? |
574 |
22 CULTURAL EVOLUTION |
579 |
|
579 |
|
592 |
|
593 |
|
626 |
|
633 |
|
635 |
|
635 |
23 MORALITY |
646 |
|
646 |
|
648 |
|
651 |
|
652 |
|
658 |
|
678 |
|
683 |
|
717 |
|
721 |
|
723 |
|
732 |
24 IDEOLOGY |
738 |
|
738 |
|
741 |
|
744 |
|
746 |
|
749 |
|
751 |
|
755 |
25 RELIGION |
767 |
|
768 |
|
780 |
|
785 |
|
790 |
|
797 |
|
801 |
26 BLANK SLATE |
803 |
27 HUMAN DESTINY |
825 |
APPENDIX 1 Synchronized Oscillations as the Neural Correlate of Consciousness |
832 |
APPENDIX 2 Concepts as the Vehicle of Information Transmittal in Cultural Evolution |
847 |
APPENDIX 3 Universal Ethics |
860 |
APPENDIX 4 Notable Quotations |
879 |
NOTES |
881 |
GLOSSARY |
901 |
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY |
908 |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
912 |
INDEX |
914 |
ABOUT THE AUTHOR |
927 |
|
|
ILLUSTRATIONS
|
|
LIST OF FIGURES |
|
|
15 |
2.2 A Tiger Hiding in Grass |
21 |
3.1 A Simultaneous Concept Test Conducted on a Split-Brain Patient |
25 |
4.1 A Schematic Illustrating the Setup of the Cheshire Cat Exhibit at the San Francisco Exploratorium |
31 |
4.2 A Necker Cube |
41 |
9.1 The Induction/Deduction Cycle |
177 |
9.2 A Multidimensional Feature-Space |
186 |
9.3 A Two-Dimensional Analogy to Illustrate the Concept of an Attractor |
187 |
9.4 A Simple Mulitilayer Neural Network |
189 |
9.5 An Object's Probability Function Represented in a Three- Dimensional Identity-Space |
190 |
9.6 The Probability Functions of Various Objects Organized in a Categorical, Nesting Arrangement |
192 |
9.7 Object Representations Are Grouped and Categorized in the Mind in a Tree-Like Classification Scheme |
203 |
9.8 Induction Is Used to Infer New Rules from Data and Observations |
229 |
10.1 The Sensory Profile of an Emotion |
250 |
10.2 The Perception Cycle |
260 |
10.3 Trajectory of a Ball Dropped from an Airplane Flying at a Constant Speed |
281 |
10.4 Trajectory of a Ball Rolling off the Edge of a Cliff at a Constant Speed |
282 |
11.1 An Exhibit Demonstrating the Formation of a Random Distribution Curve When a Group of Balls is Dropped Down a Pyramid of Pegs |
341 |
12.1 Organization of the Mind’s Knowledge Structure |
354 |
12.2 The Conscious Room |
358 |
15.1 The Multi-Dimensional Model of Objects |
469 |
15.2 A Fuzzy Logic Controller Used to Adjust Fan Speed |
472 |
15.3 Graphs Demonstrating the Working of a Fuzzy Logic Cotroller |
474 |
15.4 A Bundle of Neurons Can Be Used to Implement a Mapping Rule |
479 |
15.5 The Logical Operations of AND, OR, and NOT for Fuzzy Variables |
481 |
15.6 Boolean Logical Operations Represented in the Form of a Truth Table |
482 |
15.7 The Basic Configuration of a Fuzzy Rule-Based Computational Network |
483 |
15.8 Objects Organized on a Two-Dimensional Area in a Spatial Nesting Arrangement |
484 |
15.9 The General Process of a Fuzzy Rule-Based Learning Network |
486 |
15.10 The Activation Pattern of a Neuron |
490 |
20.1 A Diagram Illustrating the General Principles of Universal Darwinism |
569 |
22.1 Conceptual Processing at the Inter-Individual Level |
583 |
22.2 Conceptual Processing at the Intra-Individual Level |
584 |
22.3 A Schematic Sketch of a Genetic Lineage Tree |
586 |
22.4 A Schematic Sketch of a Conceptual Lineage Tree |
587 |
22.5 Selection Pressures in Cultural Evolution |
597 |
A1.1 The Hierarchical Structure of Cortical Processing |
833 |
LIST OF TABLES |
|
10.1 The Believability of a Concept as Determined by Its Credence and Emotional Appeal |
285 |
22.1 Gene/Concept Analogies |
636 |
23.1 Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
655 |